Therapeutic Vaccines and Antibodies for Treatment of Orthopoxvirus Infections 英文参考文献.docVIP

Viruses 2010, 2, 2381-2403; doi:10.3390/v2102381 OPEN ACCESS viruses ISSN 1999-4915 /journal/viruses Review Therapeutic Vaccines and Antibodies for Treatment of Orthopoxvirus Infections Yuhong Xiao 1 and Stuart N. Isaacs 1,2,* 1 Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; E-Mail: yuhong2@ 2 Infectious Diseases Section, Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: isaacs@; Tel.: +1-215-662-2150; Fax: +1-215-349-5111. Received: 19 September 2010; in revised form: 9 October 2010 / Accepted: 13 October 2010 / Published: 20 October 2010 Abstract: Despite the eradication of smallpox several decades ago, variola and monkeypox viruses still have the potential to become significant threats to public health. The current licensed live vaccinia virus-based smallpox vaccine is extremely effective as a prophylactic vaccine to prevent orthopoxvirus infections, but because of safety issues, it is no longer given as a routine vaccine to the general population. In the event of serious human orthopoxvirus infections, it is important to have treatments available for individual patients as well as their close contacts. The smallpox vaccine and vaccinia immune globulin (VIG) were used in the past as therapeutics for patients exposed to smallpox. VIG was also used in patients who were at high risk of developing complications from smallpox vaccination. Thus post-exposure vaccination and VIG treatments may again become important therapeutic modalities. This paper summarizes some of the historic use of the smallpox vaccine and immunoglobulins in the post-exposure setting in humans and reviews in detail the newer animal studies that address the use of therapeutic vaccines and immunoglobulins in orthopoxvirus infections as well as the