国德应用科技大学创建发展、办学特色及其启示-大学论文.docVIP

摘 要 Fachhochschulen”（简称FH），但学校规模较小、类型比较单一、专业设置范围较窄。20世纪80年代开始，德国政府综合运用法律、政策等措施，推动应用科技大学发展。应用科技大学的生源范围不断扩大，专业逐步呈现综合性、聚集性，办学模式开始走向国际化，并获得相应的学位授予权，应用型人才培养质量得到社会认可。目前，德国应用科技大学已发展成为与综合性大学、职业院校并列的高等教育类型，成为德国“h”型高等教育系统的重要组成部分。 本研究运用多种研究方法，系统分析了德国应用科技大学的办学特色，创新性地总结了其成功经验。德国应用科技大学办学特色主要体现在：一是办学定位明确，主要通过培养应用型人才为社会服务；二是专业设置灵活，通过动态调整课程设置、及时更新教学内容主动适应市场需求；三是人才培养过程注重实践，通过设立单独的实习学期、采用项目化教学方法和“双元制”育人模式等方式强化实践训练；四是“双师型”的教师队伍，提升高校应用型人才培养质量。 对我国而言，一是要以现代职业教育发展政策为抓手，转变大众观念，加大应用型人才培养力度。二是要完善高等教育衔接机制，积极构建应用型高校与多层次高等教育的立交桥，为大学生成长成才提供多种渠道。三是要引导行业企业参与应用人才培养，使办学主体多元化。四是高校要明确自身办学定位，以专业设置为切入点，以产教融合为支撑，以“双师型”师资为保障，适度发展应用型研究生教育，切实为社会培养应用人才。 关键词 德国应用科技大学；应用型人才；发展历程；办学特色；地方本科院校 Abstract China is at a critical stage of industrial transformation and upgrading presently. It is in urgent need of a large number of senior application-oriented talents, such as Senior White-collars, Blue-collars and so on. In 2014, the State Council issued The Decision on Accelerating the Development of Modern Vocational Education proposed concrete measures to build a modern vocational education system, and required to actively promote the construction of the University of Applied Sciences. The successful development experience of the German University of Applied Sciences is greatly valuable to break the bottleneck of building University of Applied Sciences in our country and promote the cultivating mode reform of application-oriented talents at the undergraduate level. In the late 1960s, because of the Germany’s rapid economic development, the demand from society for application-oriented talents greatly increased. The German government began to explore diversified development models of higher education. After several explorations, the University of Applied Sciences came into being. The early University of Applied Sciences was merged mainly by engineering schools of the better conditions and higher professional schools. Its German name is Fachhochschulen (abbreviated FH). But its scale was small and its type was single