2011版膀胱癌治疗指南.pptVIP

; 意 义; 内 容;一、前 言; 前 言 ;二、流行病学和病因学;发病率; 自然病程; 致病的危险因素;癌基因 HER-2、Bcl-2、H-Ras p53、Rb、p21 SYK、CAGE-1 EGFR 上尿路尿路上皮肿瘤病史;三、组织病理学;尿路上皮细胞癌 （Urothelium/transitional epithelium） 鳞状细胞癌 腺细胞癌 其他：小细胞癌、混合细胞癌、癌肉瘤以及转移性癌; 组织学分级（Grade）; Grade - EUA; Papillary hyperplasia is characterized by slight “tenting”, undulating, or an elevated configuration of the urothelium of varying thickness, lacking nuclear atypia. The lesion often has one or a few small, dilated capillaries at its base but it lacks a well-developed fibrovascular core.;Urothelial papilloma is defined as discrete papillary growth with a central fibrovascular cores lined by urothelium of normal thickness and cytology. There is no need for counting the number of cell layers.;Papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential is a papillary urothelial lesion with an orderly arrangement of cells within papillae with minimal architectural abnormalities and minimal nuclear atypia irrespective of the number of cell layers. The urothelium in papillary urothelial neoplasms of low malignant potential is much thicker than in papillomas and/or the nuclei are significantly enlarged and somewhat hyperchromatic. Mitotic figures are infrequent in papillary urothelial neoplasms of low malignant potential, and usually confined to the basal layer.;Low-grade papillary urothelial carcinomas are characterized by an overall orderly appearance but with easily recognizable variation of architectural and or cytologic features even at scanning magnification. Variation of polarity and nuclear size, shape, and chromatin texture comprise the minimal but definitive cytologic atypia. Mitotic figures are infrequent and usually seen in the lower half, but may be seen at any level of the urothelium. It is important to recognize that there may be a spectrum of cytologic and architectural abnormalities within a single lesion, such that the entire lesion should be examined, with the highest grade of abnormality noted. ; H