英汉句法对比.pptVIP

1、Synthetic Analytic 1）A synthetic language is characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships. 2）An analytic language is characterized by frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express synthetic relations. English: synthetic-analytic language (old English was synthetic + modern English is analytic) Chinese: a typical analytic language 1.1 Inflectional Non-inflectional Inflection: In grammar, an inflection is a change in the form of a word that shows its grammatical function. Notice: nouns, pronouns, verbs are inflected; the endings –er, -est are non-inflectional suffixes. The use of inflected forms could express: Parts of speech （词性） Gender（性） Number（数） Case（主格/宾格） Person（人称） Tense（时态） Aspect（体） Voice（语态） Mood（情态） Non-finite verbs（非限定动词） 1.2 Word Order: flexible inflexible 1.3 English and Chinese use different function words English sentences can be reduced to five basic patterns. English subject-predicate structure appears rigid. Chinese subject-predicate structure is usually varied, flexible, and supple. Hypotaxis（形合法）：P47 Parataxis（意合法）： P47 4、Complex Simplex English sentences are complex. Subordination (从属结构)：subordinate clauses and phrases Chinese sentences are simple. Coordination (并列结构) Loose or minor sentences (松散句) Contracted sentences (紧缩句) Elliptical sentences (省略句) Run-on sentences (流水句) Composite sentences (并列形式的复句) Formal written English is in an impersonal style, featured by passives, sentences beginning with introductory it, and abstract nouns as subjects. Chinese perfers to use a personal style, featured by more actives, actives in form but passives in sense, personal (animate)subjects, or subjectless and subject-omitted sentences. translation methods: English impersonal subjects 变为 Chinese personal subjects English passives 变为 Chinese actives English prefers to use passives, and why? The agent of an action is self-evident or