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Electromagnetic Imaging Methods for Nondestructive Evaluation Applications.doc

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Electromagnetic Imaging Methods for Nondestructive Evaluation Applications

Sensors2011,11,11774-11808;doi:10.3390/s111211774 OPENACCESS sensors ISSN1424-8220 /journal/sensors Review ElectromagneticImagingMethodsforNondestructive EvaluationApplications YimingDeng 1,2,?andXinLiu 1 1 2 ImagingandImageProcessingLaboratory,DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,Universityof ColoradoDenver,Denver,CO80217,USA;E-Mail:xin.liu@ ColoradoTranslationalResearchImagingCenter(C-TRIC),UniversityofColoradoSchoolof Medicine,Aurora,CO80045,USA ? Authortowhomcorrespondenceshouldbeaddressed;E-Mail:yiming.deng@; Tel.:+1-303-556-6184;Fax:+1-303-556-2383. Received:29August2011;inrevisedform:8December2011/Accepted:8December2011/ Published:19December Abstract: Electromagnetic nondestructive tests are important and widely used within the?eldofnondestructiveevaluation(NDE).Therecentadvancesinsensingtechnology, hardware and software development dedicated to imaging and image processing, and material sciences have greatly expanded the application ?elds, sophisticated the systems design and made the potential of electromagnetic NDE imaging seemingly unlimited. This review provides a comprehensive summary of research works on electromagnetic imagingmethodsforNDEapplications,followedbythesummaryanddiscussionsonfuture directions. Keywords: nondestructive evaluation; structural health monitoring; electromagnetic imaging;noninvasiveimaging 1.Introduction Thedevelopmentofimagingtechniquesforinvestigatingphysicallyinaccessibleobjectshasbeena topicofresearchformanyyearsandhavefoundwidespreadapplicationsinthe?eldofnondestructive evaluation (NDE) [1]. All electromagnetic (EM) methods in nondestructive evaluation involve Maxwell’s equations and cover a broad range of the electromagnetic spectrum, from static or direct Sensors2011,11 11775 current(DC),suchasmagneticparticlemethod,tohighfrequencies,e.g.,X-rayandgamma-raymethods. Imaging,simplyspeaking,istheformationofimages.Imagingscienceisconcernedwiththeformation, collection, duplication, analysis, modi?cation, and visualization