Environmental and Sensor Limitations in Optical Remote Sensing of Coral Reefs Implications for Monitoring and Sensor？Design.docVIP

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Environmental and Sensor Limitations in Optical Remote Sensing of Coral Reefs Implications for Monitoring and Sensor？Design.doc

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Environmental and Sensor Limitations in Optical Remote Sensing of Coral Reefs Implications for Monitoring and Sensor？Design

Remote Sens. 2012, 4, 271-302; doi:10.3390/rs4010271 OPEN ACCESS Remote Sensing ISSN 2072-4292 /journal/remotesensing Article Environmental and Sensor Limitations in Optical Remote Sensing of Coral Reefs: Implications for Monitoring and Sensor Design John D. Hedley 1,2,*, Chris M. Roelfsema 3, Stuart R. Phinn 3 and Peter J. Mumby 1,4 1 School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK 2 ARGANS Ltd., Tamar Science Park, Derriford, Plymouth PL6 8BT, UK 3 Center for Spatial Environmental Research, School of Geography Planning and Environmental Management, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; E-Mails: c.roelfsema@.au (C.M.R.); s.phinn@.au (S.R.P.) 4 Marine Spatial Ecology Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; E-Mail: p.j.mumby@.au * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: jhedley@argans.co.uk; Tel.: +44-1752-764-298; Fax: +44-1752-772-227. Received: 1 December 2011; in revised form: 9 January 2012 / Accepted: 9 January 2012 / Published: 23 January 2012 Abstract: A generic method was developed for analysing the capabilities of optical remote sensing of aquatic systems in terms of environmental components and imaging sensor configurations. The method was based on a component based model of the entire system in which not only benthic composition but other environmental components such as water inherent optical properties (IOPs), bathymetry, sun elevation, wind speed and sensor noise characteristics were defined by datasets with the potential to include across-image variation. The model was applied to data from Pacific Ocean reefs in an airborne sensor context to estimate the primary environmental or sensor factors confounding discrimination of benthic mixtures of key reef types: live coral, bleached coral, dead coral and macroalgae. Results indicate that spectral variation of be