Fabrication of κ-Carrageenan Fibers by Wet Spinning Spinning Parameters.docVIP

Materials 2011, 4, 1805-1817; doi:10.3390/ma4101805 OPEN ACCESS materials ISSN 1996-1944 /journal/materials Article Fabrication of κ-Carrageenan Fibers by Wet Spinning: Spinning Parameters Lingyan Kong and Gregory R. Ziegler * Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-1505, USA; E-Mail: lzk119@ * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: grz1@; Tel.: +1-814-863-2960; Fax: +1-814-863-6132. Received: 1 July 2011; in revised form: 26 September 2011 / Accepted: 28 September 2011 / Published: 11 October 2011 Abstract: This study demonstrates the fabrication of κ-carrageenan fibers by a wet-spinning method and discusses three important spinning parameters: coagulation bath composition, spinning rate and post-spinning mechanical drawing. The as-spun fiber diameter decreased with KCl and ethanol concentration in the coagulation bath. In general, the ultimate tensile stress and elongation at break both increased for KCl concentration from 0.1 to 0.5 M with and without ethanol, with no significant change above 0.5 M. Spinning rate affected the dope flow and thus the polymer orientation (apparent viscosity) and fiber morphology. At spinning rates between 0.25 mL/min and 0.33 mL/min, the fiber diameter reached a minimum and the fiber surface was smooth. Both an increase and decrease from this spinning rate range increased the fiber diameter and roughness of the fiber surface. Post-spinning drawing of the fiber resulted in even smaller fiber diameter. Keywords: κ-carrageenan; fiber spinning; wet-spinning 1. Introduction The use of petroleum-based synthetic polymers has permeated everyday life. However, pervasive use of synthetic materials and our excessive dependence on them has environmental consequences. The pressure for sustainable development is shifting the focus from synthetic materials to the utilization of bio-based materials. Th