andproductionbyCantonese-speakingandEnglish-.ppt

References Bauer and Benedict. (1997). Modern Cantonese Phonology. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Chen, Q. (1997). Toward a sequential approach for tonal error analysis. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association 32: 21-39. Gandour, J. T. and Harshman, R. A. (1978). Crosslanguage differences in tone perception: a multidimensional scaling investigation. Language and Speech 21: 1-33. Hume, E. and Johnson, K. (2003). The impact of partial phonological contrast on speech perception. Proceedings of the 15th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences: 2385-88. Kiriloff, C. (1969). On the auditory perception of tones in Mandarin. Phonetica 20: 2-4. Li, C. N. and Thompson, S. A. (1977). The acquisition of tone in Mandarin-speaking children. Journal of Child Language 4: 185-99. Miracle, W. C. (1989). Tone production of American students of Chinese: A preliminary acoustic study. Journal of Chinese Language Teachers Association 24: 49-65. Shen, S. X. N. (1989). Toward a register approach in teaching Mandarin tones. Journal of Chinese Language Teachers Association 24: 27-47. Stagray, J. R. and Downs, D. (1993). Differential sensitivity for frequency among speakers of a tone and a nontone language. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 21: 143-63. Sun, S. H. (1998). The development of a lexical tone phonology in American adult learners of standard Mandarin Chinese. University of Hawai‘i Press. English (mono) 4 (falling 51) 3 (dipping 214) 2 (rising 35) 1 (level 55) response target 　1 2　 3　 4 0.99 0.01 0 0 0.05 0.78 0.17 0 0.01 0.08 0.91 0 0.02 0 0.02 0.96 English (initial) 4 (falling 51) 3 (dipping 214) 2 (rising 35) 1 (level 55) response target 　1 2　 3　 4　 0.92 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.025 0.75 0.2 0.025 0.01 0.1 0.84 0.05 0.058 0.017 0.017 0.91 English (final) response target 　1 2　 3　 4　 1 (level 55) 1 0 0 0 2 (rising 35) 0.025 0.83 0.14 0 3 (dipping 214) 0.01 0.23 0.76 0 4 (falling 51) 0 0.01 0.19 0.8 Cantonese (mono) response target 　1 2　 3　 4　 1 (level 55) 0.98 0.0