第12章 褂脞的衍射.ppt

第12章 光的衍射 §12.7 衍射现象、惠更斯—菲涅耳原理 §12.8 单缝的夫琅禾费衍射（明暗条纹分布） §12.9 光学仪器的分辨本领 §12.10 光栅衍射 §12.11 X射线衍射 Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 12-7 光的衍射 惠更斯-菲涅耳原理 缝较大时，光是直线传播的 缝很小时，衍射现象明显 一、 光的衍射现象 Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.    10 - 3 a  在限制方向扩展 线光源 点光源 Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 菲涅耳衍射 菲涅耳衍射是指当光源和观察屏，或两者之一离障碍物（衍射屏）的距离为有限远时，所发生的衍射现象。 光源  · 观察屏 衍射屏 菲涅耳衍射 二、菲涅耳衍射和夫琅和费衍射 Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 夫琅禾费衍射 夫琅禾费衍射指光源和观察屏离障碍物的距离均为无限远时，所发生的衍射现象。 · p 衍射屏 观察屏 光源 夫琅禾费衍射 Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. S: 单色线光源  : 衍射角 光路图： 12.8 单缝的夫琅禾费衍射 Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. —— 中央明纹(中心) 单缝的两条边缘光束 A→P 和B→P 的光程差，可由图示的几何关系得到： 光程差的计算 Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. θ 1′ 2 B A 半波带 半波带 1 2′ 两相邻半波带上对应点发的光在P 处干涉相消形成暗纹。 λ/2 1. 菲涅耳半波带法 衍射图样的讨论 Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. (P 处近似为明纹中心) λ/2 θ B A θ (P处干涉相消形成暗纹) Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. ——偶数个半波带，暗纹 ——奇数个半波带，明纹(中心) ——中央明纹(中心) 一般情况 Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 衍射图样 衍射图样中各级条纹的相对光强如图所示. 中央极大值对应的明条纹称 中央明纹。 中央极大值两侧的其他明条纹称 次极大。 中央极大值两侧的各极小值称暗纹。 Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty