材料热力学及动力学答案.docxVIP

Gibbs-Thomson effect: The Gibbs–Thomson Effect, in common? HYPERLINK /wiki/Physics \o Physics physics?usage, refers to variations in vapor pressure or chemical potential across a curved surface or interface. The existence of a positive interfacial energy will increase the energy required to form small particles with high curvature, and these particles will exhibit an increased vapor pressure. See? HYPERLINK /wiki/Ostwald%E2%80%93Freundlich_equation \o Ostwald–Freundlich equation Ostwald–Freundlich equation. More specifically, the Gibbs–Thomson effect refers to the observation that small crystals are in equilibrium with their liquid melt at a lower temperature than large crystals. In cases of confined geometry, such as liquids contained within porous media, this leads to a depression in the freezing point / melting point that is inversely proportional to the pore size, as given by the Gibbs–Thomson equation. Why at a relatively lower temperature solute transport tends to become more effective via grain boundary than through the lattice or through dislocation? Please have an example material to clear.（为什么在一个相对较低的温度，溶质趋向于通过晶界的运输比晶格和位错运输更有效？请举一种材料作为例子详述） 答：在多晶体中的扩散除了再晶粒点阵内部进行之外，还会沿表面、晶界、位错等缺陷部位进行。由于这些部位的点阵畸变较大，原子处于较高的能量状态，易于跳动，因而沿表面、晶界、位错迁移的扩散系数恒大于原子穿越点阵内部的体扩散系数。 晶界扩散的作用因温度不同而不同，在温度较低时，由于晶界激活能比点阵激活能小得多，晶界扩散对整个扩散起了重要作用。这也就是为什么在一个相对较低的温度，溶质趋向于通过晶界的运输比晶格和位错运输更有效。但随着温度的升高，晶内空位浓度逐渐增加，点阵扩散系数相应增大，比例很小的晶界扩散伴随着温度的升高其作用逐步减弱。 例如：单晶体银与多晶体银自扩散系数进行比较实验中可以发现，在温度较低时，多晶体银的自扩散系数要远远大于单晶银的自扩散系数。而当温度上升到700oC时，二者相当。 After nucleation of both phases, the colony can grow edgewise by the movement of the incoherent interfaces that a pearlite growth into the austenite grain with which is does not have on orientation relationship.（两相形核之后，集落能够通过不连续的界面沿边生长，一个珠光体长成两个无定向关系的奥氏体晶粒） 答：当温度达到一定温度后，先在形核晶界处形成一小片渗碳体（片状是为了减小应变能），然后通过临近原子沿着不连续界面聚集长大，一个珠光体长成两个无定向关系的奥氏体。 The advantage and disadvantage between DSC and DTA（DSC曲线和DTA曲线相比的优缺点） DTA与DSC两种方法的主要差别是DTA测定的是试样与参比物的温度差△T，而DSC测定的是保持试样与参比物温差为零时的热流率（功率差）d