商英阅读Uni3.pptVIP

* Unit 3 The WTO and Trade Barriers Pre-reading questions What is WTO? Its heart… Goal… Main function… 2. What is GATT? The General Agreement on Tariffs [t?rif] and Trade 关税及贸易总协定 1. What is WTO? WTO is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. Its heart: WTO agreements Goal: to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business Main function: to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible What do you mean by trade barriers? Trade barriers are any of a number of government-placed restrictions on trade between nations. The most common sorts of trade barriers are things like subsidies [‘s?bsidi]补贴 , tariffs关税 , quotas ( [’kw?ut?] 配额;定额;限额) , duties, and embargoes ([em‘bɑ:g?u] 禁止(或限制)买卖) The term free trade refers to the theoretical removal of all trade barriers, allowing for completely free and unfettered （[’?n‘fet?d] 自由的）trade. In practice, however, no nation fully embraces （[im’breis] 抓住机会;欣然接受提议等）free trade, as all nations utilize [‘ju:tilaiz] some assortment （[?‘s?:tm?nt]分类）of trade barriers for their own benefit. 贸易壁垒 trade barriers 贸易壁垒（Barrier to trade） 又称贸易障碍。对国外国间商品劳务交换所设置的人为限制，主要是指导一国对外国商品劳务进口所实行的各种限制措施。 一般分关税壁垒和非关税壁垒两类。 就广义而言，凡使正常贸易受到阻碍，市场竞争机制作用受到干扰的各种人为措施，均属贸易壁垒的范畴。 关税壁垒 Tariff Barriers 关税壁垒是指用征收高额进口税和各种进口附加税的办法，以限制和阻止外国商品进口的一种手段。贸易壁垒的一种。 这可以提高进口商品的成本从而削弱其竞争能力，起到保护国内生产和国内市场的作用。它还是在贸易谈判中迫使对方妥协让步的重要手段。世界贸易组织对其极力反对，并通过谈判将其大幅削减。 非关税壁垒（Nontariff Barriers) 非关税壁垒，又称非关税贸易壁垒，就是指一国政府采取除关税以外的各种办法，来对本国的对外贸易活动进行调节、管理和控制的一切政策与手段的总和，其目的就是试图在一定程度上限制进口，以保护国内市场和国内产业的发展。非关税壁垒大致可以分为直接的和间接的两大类：前者是由海关直接对进口商品的数量、品种加以限制，其主要措施有：进口限额制、进口许可证制、“自动”出口限额制、出口许可证制等。后者是对进口商品制订严格的海关手续或通过外汇管制，间接地限制商品的进口，其主要措施有：实行外汇管制，对进口货征收国内税，制定购买国货和限制外国货的条例，复杂的海关手续，繁琐的卫生安全质量标准以及包装装潢标准等。 Anti-dumping If a company exports a product at a price lower than the price it normally charges on its own home market, it is said to be “dumping” the product. Is this unfair competitio