虚拟语气(适合中等水平英语学习者).docVIP

虚拟语气 虚拟条件句 一般来说，英语中的虚拟语气分为两大体系：一是表示与事实相反的或假想的情形，通常由if 引导，叫做“非真实条件句”，或者叫做“虚拟条件句”；另一个体系是在名词从句中使用虚拟语气，表示建议、命令或要求等语气。 虚拟条件句的两种类型是：① 假设条件句：说话者主观的愿望或态度，实现的可能性不大 ② 事实相反句：表示与现在或过去的某个事实相反的情形 ★假设条件句表达的是一种在将来或现在可能性不大的情形，但不是不可能的情形，表示说话人认为不可能，是一种比较主观的表达，而不是与客观事实相反。 Eg: If I were to have the time tomorrow, I would help him. 解析:这句话表明说话人“我”认为自己明天有时间的可能性不大，所以言外之意是“我”可能帮不了他。这里用虚拟只是说明可能性不大，而不是表达与事实相违背的不可能的情形。 ★事实相反句表达的是一种与现在或过去的事实相违背的情形，因此是不可能发生的，而不是可能性不大。 Eg: If I were you, I would help him. 解析：这里表示与现实相反的情形。因为“我”成为“你”是不可能发生的情形，而不是可能性不大的情形了。 ★虚拟条件句的谓语变化 虚拟的时间 主句的谓语形式 IF从句的谓语形式 将来 would(could,might)+do were to do/should do 现在 would(could,might)+do did或were 过去 would(could,might)+have done had done或had been ★特殊虚拟 ①混合虚拟（一）：主句现在+从句过去 Eg: If I had not studied English, I would never be here to teach you grammar today. ②混合虚拟（二）：主句过去+从句现在 Eg: If you knew me better, you wouldn’t have said that. 如果你真的理解我的话，你当时就不可能说出那种话了。 ③倒装虚拟：当if引导的条件句省去if时，可将should,had或were置于句首，从而构成倒装虚拟句。 Eg: Should I win the lottery, I would buy a car. =If I should win the lottery, I would buy a car. 如果我能赢得大奖，我就会买一辆车。 Eg: Had such a disaster occurred, the damage would have been incalculable. =If such a disaster had occurred, the damage would have been incalculable. 如果这场灾难发生，损失将难以估量。 ④跳层虚拟（一）：陈述句+or+虚拟主语 Eg: We didn’t know his telephone number, otherwise we would have telephoned him. =We would have telephoned him if we had known his telephone number. 解析: 这里的didn’t是表示陈述过去的事实，而otherwise的后面则是对过去的虚拟。 ⑤跳层虚拟（二）：虚拟主句+but+陈述句 Eg:He would put on weight, but he doesn’t eat much. =He would put on weight if he ate much. 名词从句的虚拟 名词从句虚拟句的谓语变化的形式只有一条规律，那就是：名词从句虚拟句无论其主句的谓语动词是何种形式，从句的谓语形式均为should+动词原形，其中should可以省略。 ①在下列词的宾语从句中：ask(要求，请求)，advise, beg, command, demand, decide, deserve, desire, determine, insist, move(提议), order, prefer, propose, require, recommend, request, suggest和urge等。 Eg: His father urged that he study medicine. 他父亲要求他学医。 ②在it is+形容词或过去分词或特定的名词+that的主语从句中 Eg: It is strange that he should not come here. 他竟然没有来