发展心理学11章情绪课件.pptVIP

个体vs社会（统一） Even though emotions are the personal expressions of the individuals moods or feeling states, They also function as a mode of social communicating with others. 认知 Emotions also have important links to cognition. Emotion and cognition are frequently interrelated.（许多认知过程不仅产生情绪表达；儿童的情绪状态同样影响认知过程） Of special importance is the fact that emotions serve to initiate,maitain or terminate interactions with others. 外部表现：Conduct analyses of the childs facial expression,body movements or vocalizations. 认知：The childs interpretations of her own and others emotions can be assessed through self-report measures. 早期理论：The Foundation of Modern Theory:Darwin and Watson. 现代观点：Biologically based explanations and cognitive-socialization explanation. He identified seven basic emotions: Anger（愤怒）; Fear（恐惧）; Affection（喜爱）; Pleasure（快乐）; Amusement（轻松）; Discomfort（不安）; Jealousy（嫉妒）. In his book Beheviorism(1930),John Watson states three emotional reactions: Fear;Rage;Love.(怕；怒；爱） Conditioned emotional response（操作性情绪反应）:Emergence of an emotional reaction to an originally neutral stimulus through classical conditioning. Carroll Izard(卡罗尔·伊扎德)believes that because certain emotional experience are displayed by infants,they are the feedback of internal sensory and have distinct adaptive value. When the same event produces,different individual have different responses in emotional reactions. Socialization plays an important role in the manner where emotions displayed. Four-months:laugh as well as smile;serve a social-communicative function. One-year-olds:rely on their memory;produce on their own stimuli. After two-years:higher-order mental process. Two-months:the fussy or irregular cry Eight-months:crying patterns become more varied and controlled. Three-month-olds prefer to see joy over anger;prefer a smile photo than a neutral expression,and looked longer at increasingly intense versions of the smile. In one study,twelve-month-olds were placed on the visual