AP微观经济学OpportunityCost讲义1.docVIP

AP微观经济学Opportunity Cost 讲义 What must be sacrificed to obtain something. 为了选择A, 必须放弃B. The cost of B 就是 opportunity cost. Formula 公式 1) Opportunity cost of A = change in B production : Change in A production For the meaning of the opportunity cost of A , if it were decided to produce one more A, then xx of B would have to be sacrificed. Opportunity cost of B= change in A production : Change in B production Example : France England Wheat cloth Wheat cloth 10 0 5 0 0 5 0 10 Opportunity costs Opportunity costs 1 wheat costs 1/2 cloth 1 cloth costs 2 wheat 1 wheat costs 2 cloth 1 cloth costs 1/2 wheat Opportunity cost of wheat = 5/10=1/2 Opportunity cost of cloth = 10/5=2 Opportunity cost of wheat = 10/5=2 Opportunity cost of cloth =5/10 For the opportunity cost of wheat of France : if it were decided to produce one more wheat, then 1/2 of cloth in France would have to be sacrificed. But , 如果上面的图表，给出单位是“labor hours needed to produce a unit of , labor hours rather than cost, 人工小时数而不是cost, 那么 公司要把分子分母颠倒，具体使用规则和理解会在辅导课堂上讲。 Opportunity cost 的应用： comparative advantage Comparative advantage : ability to produce something with a lower opportunity cost. People can benefit from voluntary trade because both parties will be specializing in what they do best , and each is doing so at the least opportunity cost. All of the trade in the work takes place because of differing opportunity costs---that is , because of differing comparative advantages. 如果问题是关于，那个国家具有comparative advantage? 解题步骤： 分别计算 opportunity cost (as above example,如上例题） 比较同一物种不同国家的opportunity cost, 找到最小的opportunity cost . Make conclusion : France : opportunity cost of wheat in France 比opportunity cost of cloth in England 低 ， that is , both producers in France and England could produce wheat, but France can produce wheat at lower opportunity cost (1/2 cloth vs 2 cloth ). The france is said to have comparative advantage in the production of wheat. Likewis