专业英语-材料机械性能.pptVIP

崔倩倩 Preface The goal of the following pages : To characterize materials in terms of some of the fundamental mechanical properties(基本力学性能） . A qualitative（本质的） distinction between ductile（韧性）, brittle（脆性）, and elastic（弹性） materials can be achieved in a relatively simple experiment using the bend test. A long and comparatively thin piece of the material to be tested is placed near its ends on two supports and loaded at the center. It is intuitively obvious that an elastic material such as wood can be bent to a much higher degree before breakage occurs than can a brittle material such as stone or glass. Moreover, elastic materials return upon elastic deformation（弹性变形） to their original configuration once the stress has been removed. On the other hand, ductile materials undergo a permanent change in shape above a certain threshold load（临界负载）. But even ductile materials eventually break once a large enough force has been applied. Tensile test: To quantitatively evaluate these properties, a more sophisticated device is routinely used by virtually all industrial and scientific labs. In the tensile tester（拉力试验机）, a rod-shaped or flat piece of the material under investigation is held between a fixed and a movable arm .A force upon the test piece (试样）is exerted by slowly driving the movable cross-head away from the fixed arm. This causes a stress（应力） σ.On the sample, which is defined to be the force, F, per unit area, A0, that is, Since the cross section (横截面）changes during the tensile test（拉伸试验）, the initial unit area（单位面积）A0, is mostly used. If the force is applied parallel to the axis of a rod-shaped material, as in the tensile tester (that is, perpendicular to the faces A0), then σ is called a tensile stress(拉伸应力）. If the stress is applied parallel to the faces ，it is termed shear stress（剪切应力） . Many materials respond to stress by changing their dimensions （纵向尺寸）. Under tensile stress, the rod becomes longer in the direction of the applied forc