简明语言学7-12章总结.pdfVIP

Chapter7 LANGUAGE CHANGE I What’s Historical linguistics II Changes 1 Phonological change vowel sound change 2 Morphological and syntactic change Morphological (1).Affix loss: loss of gender and case markings drop of causative verb format ion rule (2). Affix addition: -able, -ment (from French), -ize Syntactic (1).rule loss: (1) adj, agree with the head noun in case, number and gender; (2) do uble-negation rule (2). rule addition: (1) particle movement rule; (2) distinction between auxiliary ver bs and main verbs (3).rule change: (1) negation way; (2) sentence structure: SVO, VSO, SOV, OSV 3 Lexical and semantic change Lexical most vigorous and on-going change (1) lexical addition: borrowing and word-formation (refer to syntax) (2) lexical loss: no longer in use (3) Semantic change: 1) semantic broadening; 2) semantic narrowing; 3) sema ntic shift III Some recent trends 1 Moving towards greater informality 2 The influence of American English 3 The influence of science and technology IV The cause of language change Physiological, linguistic, or sociological factors Chapter8 LANGUAGE AND SOCIETY I.The scope of sociolinguistics 1.The relatedness between language and society 2. Speech community and speech variety SC: speech community is a social group singled out for any special study SV:language variety refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers. II Variety of language 1 Dialectal varieties (1) Regional dialects is a speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from, which is the most discernible and definabledialects) (2) Sociolect linguistic differences associated with