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Stem Cell Reports Report Direct Comparison of Autologous and Allogeneic Transplantation of iPSC- Derived Neural Cells in the Brain of a Nonhuman Primate Asuka Morizane,1 Daisuke Doi,1 Tetsuhiro Kikuchi,1 Keisuke Okita,1 Akitsu Hotta,1,2,3 Toshiyuki Kawasaki,4 Takuya Hayashi,5 Hirotaka Onoe,4 Takashi Shiina,6 Shinya Yamanaka,1 and Jun Takahashi1,7,8,* 1Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan 2PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan 3Institute for Integrated Cell–Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan 4Bio-function Imaging Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (RIKEN CLST), Kobe 650-0047, Japan 5Functional Architecture Imaging Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (RIKEN CLST), Kobe 650-0047, Japan 6Department of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara 259-1143, Japan 7Department of Biological Repair, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan 8Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan *Correspondence: jbtaka@cira.kyoto-u.ac.jp /10.1016/j.stemcr.2013.08.007 This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. SUMMARY Induced pluripotent stem cells(iPSCs) provide the potential for autologous transplantation usingcellsderived from a patient’s own cells.How- ever, the immunogenicity of iPSCs or their derivatives has been a matter of controversy, and up to now there has been no direct comparison of autologous and allogeneic transplantation in the brains of humans or nonhuman primates. Here, using nonhuman primates, we found that the autologous transplantation of iPSC-derived neurons elicited only