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Passage 13 _by 申友Alice老师 While the most abundant and dominant species within a particular ecosystem is often crucial in perpetuating the ecosystem, a keystone species ,here defined as one whose effects are much larger than would be predicted from its abundance（插入语，解释说明a keystone species）,can also play a vital role.//介绍a keystone species 的意义。But because complex species interactions may be involved, identifying a keystone species by removing the species and observing changes in the ecosystem is problematic.//通过移动或者观察的方法很难确定a keystone species。 It might seem that certain traits would clearly define a species as a keystone species; for example, Pisaster ochraceus is often a keystone predator because it consumes and suppresses mussel populations, which in the absence of this starfish can be a dominant species. But such predation on a dominant or potentially dominant species occurs in systems that do as well as in systems that do not have species that play keystone roles. Moreover, whereas P.ochraceus occupies an unambiguous keystone role on wave-exposed rocky headland, in more wave-sheltered habitats the impact of P.ochraceus predation is weak or nonexistent, and at certain sites a sand burial is responsible for eliminating mussels.//通过特性来鉴定a keystone species，举例Pisaster ochraceus消耗抑制蚌数量的特性确定为a keystone species；但抑制的作用在没有统治种类的生态系统上也发生，并且受环境中wave-exposed 或wave-sheltered的影响。 Keystone status appears to depend on context, whether of particular geography or of such factors as community diversity (for example, a reduction in species diversity may thrust more of the remaining species into keystone roles)and length of species interaction(since newly arrived species in particular may dramatically affect ecosystems).//提出观点判断keystone status的地位依据环境来确定。 逻辑简图 第一层：介绍a keystone species 的意义。 第二层：通过移动或者观察的方法很难确定a keystone species。 第三层：通过特性来鉴定a keystone species，举例Pisaster ochraceus消耗抑制蚌数量的特性确定为a keystone species；但抑制的作用在没有统治种类的生态系统上也发生，并且受环境中wave-exposed 或wave-sheltered的影响。 第四层：提出观点判断keystone