数学与专业英语 第五讲 精读课文2.9-2.12.ppt

New Words Expressions: approximate evaluation 近似估计 initial 初始的 disintegrate 解体，衰变 integrate 求积分 differentiable 可微的 polynomial 多项式 exponential 指数的 rational function 有理函数;New Words Expressions: differential equation 微分方程 partial differential equation 偏微分方程 inverse trigonometric function 反三角函数 approximate evaluation 近似估计 initial value problem 初值问题 initial condition 初始条件 mathematical physics 数学物理 boundary condition 边界条件;Key points: Introduction to Differential Equations Difficult points: Applications of matrices;Requirements:;A large variety of scientific problems arise in which one tries to determine something from its rate of change.;Or a radioactive substance may be disintegrating at a known rate and we may be required to determine the amount of material present after a given time.;※In examples like these, we are trying to determine an unknown function from prescribed information expressed in the form of an equation involving at least one of the derivatives of the unknown function .;These equations are called differential equations, and their study forms one of the most challenging branches of mathematics.;A simple example of an ordinary differential equation is the relation f(x)=f(x) (9.1) which is satisfied, in particular by the exponential function, f (x)=ex .;On the other hand, an equation like is an example of a partial differential equation.;The study of differential equations is one part of mathematics that, perhaps more than any other, has been directly inspired by mechanics, astronomy, and mathematical physics.;These early discoveries, beginning about 1690, gradually led to the development of a lot of “special tricks” for solving certain special kinds of differential equation.;Although these special tricks are applicable in relatively few cases, they do enable us to solve many differential equations that