第8沼肼电子信息类专业英语(第二版)课本_李白萍.pptVIP

Unit Two Telecommunications;Passage A Evolution of Telecommunication Networks 　　The first phase in the evolution of communication networks is dominated by the wide spread of telephony and covers over 90 years. However, the telegraph preceded the telephone by more than 30 years and the teletypewriter by half a century. In 1844, Samuel Morse, the telegraph’s inventor, sent the first telegraph message from Washington D.C. to his colleague Alfred Vail in Baltimore, Maryland. Shortly after the invention of the telephone by Alexander Grahan Bell in 1876, it was realized that telephone wires had to converge on central points where telephone-to-telephone connections could be made.[1] These points were manual switch-boards, staffed by operators. This was followed by the introduction of electromechanical switching and in 1889, Almond;B.Strowger invented the first two-motion step-by-step switch. In a step-by-step switch, a call was established and routed in a set of progressive electromechanical steps, each under the direct control of the user’s dialing pulses. It remained as the workhorse of central office switching well into the 1970s. The first crossbar switch was used in 1932 in Sweden. The Bell System introduced the No.1 Crossbar System in 1938. Crossbar switching was carried out by a special circuit called a marker, which provided common control of number entry and line selection for all calls.[2];　　The golden age of automatic telephony occurred after World WarⅡwhen the entire long-distance network was automated. The invention of the transistor spurred the application of electronics to switching systems and led to the deployment of the first electronic switching in the late 1950s. Electronic switching made it possible to design and build switches with greater capacity.;　　In the mid 1930s, analog point-to-point radio-relay transmission was possible by extending high-frequency?(HF)?communication technology into the very-high-frequency?(VHF)?range. During World WarⅡ, t