第1章 金属结构课件.ppt

Fundamentals of materials: their behavior and manufacturing properties;;;;The structure of metals;1 Introduction (介绍);We can answer these by studying the stucture of metals---the arrangement of atoms within metals 我们可以回答这些，通过学习金属的结构----金属内原子的排列方式 The structure of metals greatly influences their behavior and properties 金属的结构影响金属的行为和性能 A knowledge of structures guides us in controlling and predicting the behavior and performance of metals in manufacturing processes, also allows us to predict and evaluate their properties. 金属结构的知识可以帮助我们控制和预测制造过程中金属的行为和性能，也使我们预测和评估金属的性能;In addition to atomic structure, various other factors also influence the properties and behavior of metals, they are : the composition of metal, impurities and vacancies in the atomic structure, grain size, grain boundaries, environment, size and surface condition of metal, and manufacturing method. 除了原子结构，还有各种影响金属行为和性能的其他因素，它们是：金属成分，原子结构中的杂质和空位，晶粒尺寸，晶界，环境，金属尺寸和表面条件，以及制造方法。;;;2 The crystal structure of metals（金属晶体结构）;The samllest group of atoms showing the characteristic latice structure of a particular metal is known as a unit cell. It is the buiding block of a crystal, and a single crystal can have many unit cell. 能体现某种金属点阵结构特征的最小原子团体称为晶胞，晶胞是晶体的基本单元，单晶体中可由多个晶胞组成。;There are three basic atomic arrangement: Body-centered cubic (bcc)—alpha iron, chromium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten and vanadium. 体心立方（bcc）—α-Fe ，铬，钼，钽，钨，钒。;Face-centered cubic (fcc)—gamma iron, aluminum, copper, nickel, lead, silver, gold, and platinum 面心立方 (fcc)—γ-Fe ，铝，铜，镍，铅，银，金，铂。;Hexagonal close-packed (hcp)—beryllium, cadmium, cobalt, magnesium, alpha titanium, zinc, and zirconium. 密排六方 (hcp)—铍，镐，钴，镁，α-钛，锌，锆;The reason that metals form different crystal stuctures is to minimize the energy required to fit together in a regular pattern. At different tempratures, the same metal may from different stuctures. For example: 912 or 1394 α-Fe ; 912~1394 γ-Fe 金属存在不同的晶体结构是为了使原子规则排列所需要的能量最低。不同的温度下，相同的金属可能存在不同的晶体结构。 例如：温度 小于912 或大于139