纯水系统原理介绍forPharma课件.ppt

* * * * * * * Any water sample exposed to the atmosphere for more then a few minutes will absorb CO2. This must be taken into account when water chemistry is being measured or evaluated. * * * * * * * * * 1 Gradient Method Details 50 mL sample trace enrichment Waters μBondapak C18 column (Waters #27324) Data acquired for 16 minutes. Time Flow Water Acetonitrile Curve [min.] [mL/min.] [%] [%] Type 0.00 2.00 100% 0% 2.00 2.00 100% 0% 12.00 2.00 0% 100% linear (6) 15.00 2.00 0% 100% 19.00 2.00 100% 0% linear (6) 25.00 2.00 100% 0% bottle 1= JT Baker HPLC-grade water (cat.no. JT4218-2) cost- $12.86/liter bottle 2 = Fisher HPLC grade (#W5-1) $10.56/liter bottle 3 = Fisher HPLC grade with safety coat on outside bottle (#W5SK-1) $12.52/liter central system H2O= 17 megohm, 30ppb TOC via Anatel A100, Milli-Q Gradient= 18.2 megohm, 4 ppb via on-board TOC monitor * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Carbon black is a generic term which applies to a wide variety of products ! There is the “Animal Charcoal” which is prepared by charring animals bones, meat and blood, and which is used in organic chemistry to adsorb impurities after a synthesis.This product is too rough to be used in water purification. Then there are natural activated carbons which are prepared from wood or coconut shell. On the left side of the screen, you can see a picture of this material taken with a microscope. This material is characterized by a large developed surface (1100 m2/gram) which allows it to capture large amounts of organic molecules by tertiary (Van der Waals) forces. It has two inconvenients which make it unsuitable for Type I water preparation : it binds low molecular weight organics slowly , and releases relatively large amounts of ions. However, those two characteristics are not a problem other applications such as the pretreatnment of feed water to RO cartridges : the purpose of activated carbon in this application is to bind chlorine, not organics, and there are alread