The second Law课堂版.pptVIP

The Second Law of Thermodynamics Chapter 1 dealt with the first law of thermodynamics, the conservation of energy and energy transfer in terms of heat and work. This chapter deals with another thermodynamic properties, entropy, which is also a state function. The first law of thermodynamics accounts for the energies involved in such a conversion but places no limits on the amounts that can be converted. The second law is concerned with limits on the conversion of “heat” into “work” by heat engines. Statement for the second law There are quite a few equivalent ways to state the second law. If the statements are correct, they are all equivalent. Some are harder to understand than others; some are included only for historical purposes. I think the following way of stating the second law is useful. 1) Every thermodynamic system possesses an extensive state function called “the entropy” which can be calculated by a reversible (that is, a quasi-static limit of a real process) path from an arbitrarily chosen “Reference State” by integrating the heat absorbed by the system divided by the absolute temperature of the system. In other words, “Entropy, the state function, exists for every system...” 2) During any observable process, the entropy of a system plus its surroundings (together defining an isolated system or universe) never decreases. And, in other words, “...and it always increases for the universe” ) Statement for the second law Clausius Heat is not observed to pass spontaneously from a body at low temperature to a body at higher temperature. Kelvin: It is impossible to continuously perform work by cooling a body to a temperature below that of the lowest temperature of its surroundings. Ostwald: A perpetual motion machine “of the second kind” has never been observed. (A perpetual motion machine of the second kind “runs forever.”) Caretheodory: This is the most elegant (and hardest to understand and apply, perha