12.Goodbye to Good-λ.pdfVIP

11 Goodbye to Good-λ 1 In this chapter we work on R , and we only consider dyadic intervals. We recall a result (Theorem 3.8) we proved in chapter 3: Theorem 11.1. Let 0 p ∞ and let τ p/2. Let v and w be weights such that v (x) (log(e + v (x)/v ))τ dx ≤ w (x) dx I I I for all I ∈ D. Then, for all finite sums f = λ h , I I (I ) (f ∗ (x))p v dx ≤ C (S (f )(x))p w dx, where the constant C only depends on p and τ . We proved Theorem 3.8 by means of some good-λ inequality estimates and a telescoping series trick. Thanks to our work on Orlicz spaces, we are now able to prove the theorem without either of those devices. The following proof, which I learned from Fedor Nazarov, is very short, but it does require a few preliminaries. If I ∈ D and β 0, we let Exp(I, β) be the family of non-negative, measurable functions φ, supported on I , such that 1 exp(φ(x)β ) dx ≤ e + 1. |I | I (Why e +1? See below.) The set Exp(I, β) is “morally” the unit ball of a local Orlicz space. Recall that there is a Young function Φ such that Φ(x) = exp(xβ ) when x is large. Now fix Φ. The reader can show (and we leave it as an exercise) that there are positive constants C and C , depending only Φ, such that, for 1 2 all non-negative, measurable φ, supported on I , φ ∈ Exp(I, β) ⇒ φ ≤ C1 Φ,I 190 11 Goodbye to Good-λ and φ ≤ C2 ⇒ φ ∈ Exp(I, β).