XRD教程02.pptxVIP

XRD patterns of Bi4Ti3O12 ceramics;2.4 Diffraction Analysis;一个电子对X射线的散射强度 (极化因子);Figure 2.23 Schematic representation of the scattering of an X-ray beam by an electron.;Figure 2.24 If scattering occurs at an angle 2? in the x-z plane, then the applied electric field is in the y-z plane and the average values of the components Ey and Ez must be equal.;1）散射强度很弱，约为入射强度的几十分之一。 2）散射强度与观测点的距离r2成反比。 3）入射X射线经电子散射后，其散射强度在空间的 各个方向不同，称为偏振化。偏振化的程度取决于2?。 偏振因子或极化因子： (1 + cos2 2? )/2 ;一个原子对X射线的散射;推导过程;Figure 2.25 The atomic scattering factor as a function of Z and θ, showing curves for aluminium, iron and tungsten.;Figure 2.26 Schematic representation of the geometry of atomic positions and scattering planes in unit cell.;一个单胞对X射线的散射Scattering by the Unit Cell ;推导过程;;∴;Figure 2.27 The amplitude-phase diagram and a demonstration of its use for summing the scattered amplitudes contributing to a particular reflection by all of the atoms in the unit cell.;The Structure Factor in the complex plane;?a? , so that the real component of the amplitude is resolved along the x-axis and the imaginary component along the y-axis of phase space. ?b? , that is the intensity scattered by any combination of atoms is derived from the phase-space vector amplitude by multiplying the real component by its complex conjugate. ?c? , so that phase angles corresponding to even and odd multiples of ? have no imaginary components of the amplitude, and simply add and subtract, respectively, from the total scattered amplitude. ?d? , again a condition for no imaginary component.;Examples: Copper has an FCC unit cell containing four atoms, with each atom situated at a Bravais lattice point. …… In the BCC unit cell, characteristic of ?-Fe, the atoms are at the two Bravais lattice points [000] and [? ? ? ]. …… Cubic diamond has an FCC unit cell in which each lattice point corresponds to t