初级经济师辅导资料3（国外英文资料）.doc

初级经济师辅导资料3（国外英文资料） Statement: the information collected by all BBS economist test section of /forum-186-1.html, reproduced please indicate from More economist the test information, exam questions, simulation: /forum-186-1.html BBS, all free BBS public welfare economist exam, waiting for your coming! The production and circulation of surplus value The motivation and purpose of capitalist production is to obtain surplus value, and the process of production of surplus value is the process of value increment. First, money is converted into capital The contents of the exam: familiar with the general formula of capital and its contradictions, and grasp the premise that labor becomes a commodity and that money is converted into capital. Money is the initial form of capital, but money itself is not capital. The difference between money and capital is that they are in different forms of circulation: one is the form of goods in circulation (W, G, W); The other is the form of capital flow (G - W - G). The difference between the two is: (1) buy and sell in a different order. The former is bought first, the latter is first bought and then sold; (2) the starting point differs from the destination. The former is a commodity, and the latter is a currency; (3) the medium in circulation is different. The former is the currency, the latter is the commodity. The purpose of commodity and capital flow is different: the purpose of commodity circulation is to consume; The purpose of capital circulation is to get more money. Total capital formula: G - W - G prime. G = G + Δ G, Δ G is a capital appreciation in the process of sports value, called the surplus value (m). The most fundamental feature of the capital movement: the value added in the movement of money, which is converted into capital. Capital is the value that brings the surplus value. The contradiction of the total capital formula: the value of capital goes up in the process of circulation. Labor is the prerequisite for the conve