Chapter2SpeechSounds.pptVIP

Studies of English fricatives and affricates have shown that their voicing is severely influenced by the voicing of the following sound. The five pairs of English fricatives and affricates are: [f, v; s, z; ?, ? ] eg: five past [paivpa:st] [faifpa:st] Devoicing, Nasalization, Dentalization and Velarization are all instances of assimilation. Phonological processes PHONOLOGICAL PROCESS: A process in which a target or affected segment undergoes a structural change in certain environments or contexts. In each process the change is conditioned or triggered by a following sound or, in the case of progressive assimilation, a preceding sound. Three aspects of phonological process: 1) a set of sounds to undergo the process; 2) a set of sounds produced by the process; 3) a set of situations in which the process applies The slash “/” specifies the environment in which the change takes place The bar (focus bar) “____” indicates the position of the target segment. An arrow “→” is used to indicate the process. Phonological rules Devoicing rule 清音化规则 Nasalization rule 鼻化规则 Dentalization rule 齿化规则 Velarization rule 腭化规则 Epenthesis 增音(规则） DEVOICING清音化: a process by which voiced sounds become voiceless, in such context does not occur with other sounds, such as stops and vowels. Devoicing rule: [voiced fricative] →[voiceless] /_____ voiceless ( A voiced fricative is transformed into the corresponding voiceless sound when it appears before a voiceless sound.) Nasalization rule: [- nasal] →[+nasal]/____ [+nasal] eg. can [k?n] Dentalization rule: [-dental] →[+dental]/___ [+dental] eg. tenth [tεnθ] Velarization rule: [-velar] →[+velar]/___ [+velar] eg. sink [si?k] Epenthesis (增音) the insertion of sound In English, an is used when the following word begins with a vowel sound. It is the lack of a consonant between vowels that requires the nasal [n] to be a