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Chemosphere 67 (2007) 1108–1116 /locate/chemosphere A preliminary assessment of the potential environmental and human health impact of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine as a result of space activities Lars Carlsen a,*, Olga A. Kenesova b, Svetlana E. Batyrbekova b a Awareness Center, Hyldeholm 4, Veddelev, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark b Center of Physical-Chemical Methods of Analysis, 050012 Karasay batyr str., 95a, Almaty, Kazakhstan Received 18 September 2006; received in revised form 15 November 2006; accepted 17 November 2006 Available online 17 January 2007 Abstract A preliminary assessment of the potential environmental and human health impact of UDMH as a result of space activities has been carried out applying a theoretical approach in comparison with selected experimental data. The theoretical framework includes QSAR, ADME and PASS modelling as well as studies on the possible atmospheric dispersion of UDMH as calculated applying the OML-Multi model. The possible impact on the environment and the human health has been elucidated and it has been concluded that UDMH espe- cially inside the fall region of burned-out rocket stages constitute a significant threat to both environmental and human health, the latter as a results of the carcinogenic, mutagenic, convulsant, teratogenic and embryotoxic characteristics of UDMH in addition to the general toxic characteristics of the compound. 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Risk assessment; Environmental health; Human health; Environmental chemistry; 1,1-Dimethyl hydrazine 1. Introduction