工程材料基本概念之一.docVIP

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工程材料基本概念之一解读

一、晶体结构和结晶过程的概念 Structures of the metals and concepts of crystallization 晶体、非晶体的概念、联系和区别concepts 、relations and difference between crystal and amorphous body(noncrystal) 概念: Composition/concentration: allotropic transformations 同素异晶转变:there are no compositional alterations incongruent transformations:Eutectic and eutectoid reactions, as well as the melting of an alloy Crystal and amorphous state: Pure metal纯金属 Metallic Solid solution (Sosoloid)固溶体 Metallic Compound:cementite 金属化合物( Fe3C) Mechanical mixture:pearlite机械混合物:珠光体 Binary eutectic systems (Eutectic reaction) BCC 体心立方晶格 Body-centered cubic FCC 面心立方晶格 HCP 密排六方晶格Hexagonal close-packed lattice (HCP)  Crystallographic planes 滑移面 ferrite [‘ferait] 铁素体 cementite [simentait,?simen.tait] Fe3C eutectoid [ju:‘tekt?id]共析混合物 Proeutectoid先共析体 hypoeutectoid [haip?uju(:)‘tekt?id] 亚共析 hypereutectoid [haip?rju‘tekt?id]过共析 pearlite [‘p?:lait,?’p?.lait] 珠光体、珍珠岩 austenite [‘?:st?.nɑit] 奥氏体 peritectic[peri‘tektik, .per?’tektik]包晶的,包晶体 congruent transformations 一致性转变 allotropic transformation同素异晶转变 isomerism 同分异构 Transformation晶体与非晶体的转化 晶化(crystallizing)/脱玻化(devitrification): (1)can be happened spontaneously because noncrystal with high internal energy,unstable晶化过程可以自发进行,因为非晶态内能高、不稳定,而晶态内能低、稳定。(2)非晶化(noncrystallizing):damage of regular arrangement of inner atoms 因内部质点的规则排列遭到破坏而转化为非晶态。Examples:非晶化一般需要外能。如天然石英是晶体,熔融过的石英却是非晶体;把晶体硫加热熔化(温度超过300℃)再倒进冷水中,会变成柔软的非晶硫,再过一段时间又会转化为晶体硫. Most solids are crystals因为晶体比非晶体稳定,所以晶体的分布十分广泛,自然界的固体物质中,绝大多数是晶体。 Difference anisotropic property ;isotropic(各项同性) fixed melting temperature X-ray diffraction low internal energy and stable 晶格、晶胞和晶格常数的含义crystal lattice/a reduced sphere、unit cell and lattice parameters(length of sides and angles of planes) coordination number(配位数):For metals, each atom has the same number of nearest-neighbor or touching atoms, which is the coordination number atomic packing factor (APF)(致密度):is the sum of the sphere volumes of all atoms within a unit cell (assuming the at

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