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Writing about the Past-如何准确使用过去式 Writing about the PastWriting about the past in English is made diffcult by the rather complex tense system. However the phrases grouped below give an indication of the uses of the main tenses in academic writng. For a comprehensive explanation of the uses of the various tenses you will need to consult a good English grammar book. A good recommendation is?Practical English Usage?by Michael Swan, OUP. Time phrases associated with the use of the simple past tense (specific times or periods of time in the past completed) For centuries,In the second half of the 19th century,At the end of the nineteenth century, church authorities placed restrictions on academics. During the Nazi period,Between 1933 and 1945,From 1933 to 1945,In the 1930s and 1940s, restrictions were placed on German academics. Reference to single investigations or publications in the past: simple past tense usedThe first systematic study of the X?was reported?by Patel et al. in 1986.Erythromycin?was originally isolated?from X in a soil sample from (Wang et al., 1952).?In 1975, Smith et al.?published?a paper?in which?they described ?In 1990 Patel et al.?demonstrated?that replacement of H2O with heavy water led to Thirty years later, Smith (1974)?reported?three cases of Candida Albicans which In the 1950s Gunnar Myrdal?pointed to?some of the ways in which …………… (Myrdal, 1957)In 1981, Smith and co workers?demonstrated that?X induced in vitro resistance to In 1984 Jones et al.?made?several amino acid esters of X and evaluated them as water-soluble pro-drugs.An experimental demonstration of this effect?was first carried out?by The first experimental realisation of , by Smith et al. [12], used a Time phrases associated with the use of the present perfect tense (for situations/actions which began in the past and continue up to the present, or for which the period of time is unspecified):Over the past few decades, the world?has seen?the stunning transformatio