2015年职称英语考试常用语法详解：状语.docVIP

2015年职称英语考试常用语法详解：状语。 非谓语动词做状语是这一讲的重点，也是考试的重点。大家还记得句子的连接一讲中说过的逗号不能连接两个句子这句话和所举的例子吗? 错：He is ill, he cannot come to the party this evening.(逗号不能连接两个句子) 对：Because he is ill, he cannot come to the party this evening.(使用连接词) 对：Being ill, he cannot come to the party this evening.(使用非谓语动词形式) 如果：His child is ill, he cannot come to the party this evening. 该怎么改呢? 道理是一样的： His child being ill, he cannot come to the party this evening. 也就是说，非谓语动词也要有行为的主体，称为主格;如果非谓语动词的行为的主体与句子的主语不一致，要保留其行为主体(如上句中的his child)，这种结构称为(分词)独立主格结构. 那么，什么情况用to do 、-ing 或 -ed 呢?注意以下两点： (1) 要符合下表的基本要求。 to do -ing -ed 主动 被动 主动 被动 被动 将来时 to do to be done 　 　 　 现在时 　 　 doing?（sth.） being done 　 过去时 to have done to have been done 　 　 -ed (2) 要注意以下基本用法和思路 前置(即放在句子的前面)： 功能 辨别要点 To?（或In order to）?do sth., +?句子 目的：为了…（关于做独立成分，见下文后置） 1） 与句子间有，隔开；2） 一定解释为为了…3） 如果没有，，可能是句子的主语，不要混淆 -ing /-ed?，+?句子 1） 时间状语：当…时候2） 原因状语：由于…3） 条件状语：如果… 1） 与句子间一般有，隔开；2） 如果没有，，可能是动名词当句子的主语，不要混淆 显然，to do做状语形式和意义比较单一，难点是如何区分-ing 和-ed 形式。 下面每个例子说明一条规则，注意理解和记忆(重点不要去区分作什么状语，也不要刻意去翻译句子的意思，重点注意形式的转换和规律)： 1) When she heard the noise, she went out to see what was happening. Hearing the noise, she went out to see what was happening. 规则：当句子的主语(she)与 (非谓语)动词构成主动语态时，只要将实义动词(heard)恢复原形 (hear)，后面加ing即可 2) When (或 If) the substance is heated to over 200, it will give off a poisonous gas. Heated to 200 over 200℃, it (= the substance) will give off a poisonous gas. 规则：当句子的主语(it = the substance)与 (非谓语) 动词构成被动语态时，去掉be动词，只保留动词的-ed形式(heated)即可 3) As he did not want to hurt her feelings, he did not tell the truth at the moment. Not wanting to hurt her feelings, he did not tell the truth at the moment 规则：非谓语动词的否定式是在非谓语动词前面(不是后面)加not构成;其他变化按照例1)或例2)规定 4) As she has lived in China for over 20 years, she can speak Chinese fluently. Having lived in China for over 20 years, she can speak Chinese fluently. As they had not finished the lessons, the students had to give up going to see the play. Not having finished the lessons,