kc第4讲-数据库的完整性及安全性.pptVIP

第4讲: (第4章、第8章) 数据库的完整性与安全性 重庆大学计算机学院 Built-in Data Types User-Defined Types 定义新类型(SQL99)：create type construct in SQL creates user-defined type create type Dollars as numeric (12,2) final -并非有意义可忽略 create type Pounds as numeric (12,2) final 特点：强制类型！把Dollars类型的值赋予Pounds类型的变量时导致编译出错 定义新的域类型(SQL92) ：create domain construct in SQL-92 creates user-defined domain types create domain person_name char(20) not null 特点：非强制类型！允许把一个域类型的值赋予另一个域类型 可以指定完整性约束！ Types and domains are similar. 不同的是 Domains can have constraints, such as not null, specified on them. Large-Object Types Large objects (photos, videos, CAD files, etc.) are stored as a large object: 二进制数据 blob: binary large object -- object is a large collection of 不加解释的uninterpreted binary data (whose interpretation is left to an application outside of the database system) 字符数据 clob: character large object -- object is a large collection of character data When a query returns a large object, a pointer is returned rather than the large object itself. 高水平的小技巧!有效减少网络流量！ Integrity Constraints Integrity constraints guard against accidental damage to the database, by ensuring that authorized changes to the database do not result in a loss of data consistency. 防止数据因意外地受到”破坏” 导致数据失效！ 例子 A checking 支票 account must have a balance 余额 greater than $10,000.00 A salary 薪酬 of a bank employee must be at least $4.00 an hour A customer must have a (non-null) phone number SQL支持的完整性约束类型 Domain Constraints 域完整性约束 Constraints on a Single Relation 表上的完整性约束 Referential Integrity 参照完整性约束 Assertions 断言 （下面依次进行介绍） Domain Constraints 解释：Domain constraints are the most elementary form of integrity constraint. They test values inserted in the database, and test queries to ensure that the comparisons make sense. 这是最基本的数据约束（数据类型与值必须在属性域允许范围内） 在创建关系模式时DBMS即开始自动检查！ 例子： New domains can be created from existing data types Example: create domain Dollars numeric(12, 2) create domain P