微机原理第二章Chapter2-2013.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * HOW DOES THE SYSTEM WORK To execute a program first : The system copies it from disk into internal memory. Then : The microprocessor runs the program instructions and the registers handle the requested arithmetic,data movement,and addressing. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Architecture of the Simple computer PC IR CON MAR 16x8 PROM A ALU B O D W 4 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 4 4 4 8 4 12 CP CLK CLR EP CLR CLK CLK CLK CLK L1 E1 CLK CLK CLR LB LO LM ER EU SU EA LA ER LA CP EP LM LI EI EA SU EU LB LO CPU Registers—(A and B register) The CPU implements registers on-chip They are much faster than memory Register sets are very small Most registers have special purposes which limit their use as variables Program Counter (PC) Program Counter (PC) always contains the address of the next instruction to execute. Its value ranges from 0000 to 1111 in binary (0 – F in hex). The Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU) Processing of data is done by the Arithmetic-Logic-Unit (ALU), a circuit that is capable of adding or subtracting the 8-bit numbers contained in its two input registers: the accumulator (A) and register B. ALU A B S 为运算结果 Control The operation performed by the ALU is selected by the Add or Subtract control signals. Control=0, A+B Control=1, A-B Instruction Register (IR) The Instruction Register (IR) : holds the instruction that is about to be execute and provides its opcode to the controller/sequencer. Here, we have 8-bit wide instruction: X X X X X X X X Most significant bits (MSB) Least Significant Bits (LSB) The high half of the instruction word connects to the instruction decoder, and the low half denotes the operand’s address. The Control Unit (CU) Basically there are two types of control units: hard-wired controllers and micro-programmed controllers. In order to appreciate the difference and see ho