数据库入门知识.ppt

Data Abstraction Instances and Schemas Similar to types and variables in programming languages Schema – the logical structure of the database e.g., the database consists of information about a set of customers and accounts and the relationship between them) Physical schema: database design at the physical level Logical schema: database design at the logical level Instance – the actual content of the database at a particular point in time Analogous to the value of a variable Physical Data Independence – the ability to modify the physical schema without changing the logical schema Applications depend on the logical schema In general, the interfaces between the various levels and components should be well defined so that changes in some parts do not seriously influence others. Some useful terms Byte Kilobyte – 210 bytes (i.e. 1024 bytes) Megabyte – 220 bytes (i.e. 1024 kilobytes) Gigabyte – 230 bytes (i.e. 1024 megabytes) Terabyte – 240 bytes (i.e. 1024 gigabytes) Eg. Biggest single online DB is Wal-Mart, 100TB Petabyte – 250 bytes (i.e. 1024 terabytes) Exabyte – 260 bytes (i.e. 1024 petabytes) Zettabyte – 270 bytes (i.e. 1024 exabytes) Yottabyte – 280 bytes (i.e. 1024 zettabytes) Thanks History of Database Systems 1950s and early 1960s: Data processing using magnetic tapes for storage Tapes provide only sequential access Punched cards for input Late 1960s and 1970s: Hard disks allow direct access to data Network and hierarchical data models in widespread use Ted Codd defines the relational data model Would win the ACM Turing Award for this work IBM Research begins System R prototype UC Berkeley begins Ingres prototype High-performance (for the era) transaction processing History (cont.) 1980s: Research relational prototypes evolve into commercial systems SQL becomes industrial standard Parallel and distributed database systems Object-oriented database systems 1990s: Large decision support and data-mining applications Large multi-terabyte data warehous