英语语言学实用教程课件unit7 9整理ppt.ppt

A. Entailment (X) She saw a girl. (Y) She saw a child. (X) He is in love. (Y) He has a girlfriend. When we say X entails B, we mean: If X is true, Y must be true. (because “a girl” entails “a child”) If X is false (e.g. She saw a teacher/boy), Y may be true or false. If Y is true, X may be true (e.g. a girl) and false (e.g. a boy). If Y is false (e.g. a teacher), X must be false. B. Presupposition (X) Jack’s wife fell ill. (Y) Jack had a wife. (X) I lost 1 million pounds. (Y) I once had 1 million pounds. (X) I opened the door. (Y) The door was shut. When we say X presupposes Y, we mean: If X is true, Y is also true. If X is to be true, Y must be true; If X is false (e.g. Jack’s wife went to work), Y can still be true; If Y is false (i.e. Jack had no wife), X must be false. C. Inconsistency (X) Jack is in town. (Y) He is away on business. (X) Tom is married to Mary. (Y) He is a bachelor. (X) John passed the exam. (Y) He was failed by the teacher. When we say X is inconsistent with Y, we mean: Either X is true or Y is true. Either X is false or Y is false. X and Y cannot be true or false at the same time. D. Synonymy (X) Jack is still single. (Y) He is a bachelor. (X) The boy killed the dog. (Y) The dog was killed by the boy. (X) Jack sits on the left of Tom. (Y) Tom sits on the right of Jack. When we say X is synonymous with Y, we mean: When X is true, Y must be true. When X is false, Y must be false. X and Y share the same truth conditions. (真值条件） E. Implicature X: I cut a finger when I was preparing the dish. Y: I cut one of my finger. X: Jack dated a woman last night. Y: Jack dated a woman who was neither his sister nor his mother. A: Are you coming to the lecture this afternoon? (X) B: I’m not feeling well. Y: I’m not going to the lecture this afternoon. What can we say about the relation between X and Y? Meaningfulness and semantic ill-formedness A. Redundancy （冗余，羡余） B. Tautology (同义反复） C. Semantic an