自考英语词汇学第六章.pptVIP

英语词汇学Chapter 6 Sense Relations and Semantic field词义关系和语义场;sense relations 语义关系;6.1 Polysemy 多义关系;6.1.1 Two Approaches to Polysemy 两种多义关系的研究方法;Diachronic approach 历时方法 From the diachronic point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word.从历时的角度来看，多义关系是一个词的语义结构发展变化的结果。 At the time when the word was created, it was endowed with only one meaning. This first meaning is the primary meaning. 一个词在创造之初只有一个 意义，这个意义称为原始意义。 With the advance of time and the development of language, it took on more and more meanings. These later meanings are called derived meanings as they are all derived from the primary meaning. 随着时间的推移和语言的发展，该词逐渐取得了愈来越多的意思。这些后 来获得的意义叫派生意义，因此他们都是从原始意义中派生出来的。;Synchronic approach共时方法 Synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of time, say，Modern English. 从共时的角度来看，多义关系可以认为是一个词的各种意义在某一历史时期（比如现代英语时期）的共存。 In this way, the basic meaning of a word is the core of word-meaning called the central meaning. 从这个角度来看，一个词的基本意义就是词义的核心，叫核心义。 ;6.1.2 Two Processes of Development 多义词的两种发展过程;1) Radiation is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the centre and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes. 辐射型以原始意义为中心， 从原始意义发展而来的次要意义就像射线那样四处散去， The meanings are independent of one another ,but can all be traced back to the central meaning. 意义之间互不关联，但都可追溯到核心意义。 ; Concatenation, meaning ‘linking together’, is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until.in many cases, there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning. 连锁型 连锁型 即连接在一起，连锁型是词义发生关联变化的过程。在种个过程中，一个词的词义逐渐从原始意义连续转化，以致在很多情境况下，后起的意义项与原始意义已没有任何联系。 ; Unlike radiation where each of the derived meanings is directly connected to the primary meaning, concatenat