java练习册(013)--类的继承.docVIP

练习册 ——JAVA篇 类的多态和继承（2） 一、练习目标: 方法的重载和覆盖。 类的多态，继承。 二、练习时间与作业要求： 本次练习一共需要180分钟。翻译练习写在JAVA笔记本上，书面作业写在JAVA家庭作业本上。 后面的书面作业不包括在这个时间范围内。 三、翻译练习： 将下面要求翻译的内容，写在记事本上（阴影部分不写出来，要求看懂） Order of constructor calls A constructor for the base class is always called during the construction process for a derived class, chaining up the inheritance hierarchy so that a constructor for every base class is called. This makes sense because the constructor has a special job: to see that the object is built properly. A derived class has access to its own members only, and not to those of the base class (whose members are typically private). Only the base-class constructor has the proper knowledge and access to initialize its own elements. Therefore, it’s essential that all constructors get called, otherwise the entire object wouldn’t be constructed. That’s why the compiler enforces a constructor call for every portion of a derived class. It will silently call the default constructor if you don’t explicitly call a base-class constructor in the derived-class constructor body. If there is no default constructor, the compiler will complain. (In the case where a class has no constructors, the compiler will automatically synthesize a default constructor.) The order of the constructor calls is important. When you inherit, you know all about the base class and can access any public and protected members of the base class. This means that you must be able to assume that all the members of the base class are valid when you’re in the derived class. In a normal method, construction has already taken place, so all the members of all parts of the object have been built. Inside the constructor, however, you must be able to assume that all members that you use have been built. The only way to guarantee this is for the base-class constructor to be called first. Then when you’re in the derived-class constructor, all the members you can access in the base class have been initialized. Knowing that all memb