桥梁论文中英文.docVIP

附录A 译文桥梁桥梁是人类征服空间的象征。当日落时你在太平洋中看到深红色网格的金门大桥时，或者耀武扬威的在深谷上滑翔，你会感到惊奇并钦佩它们建造者的艺术。它们是人类在追求更好更自由的世界，移除堡垒的决心的持久的证明。他们的设计和建筑计划是像在梦里一样的想象，但是构想和决心都还不够，各种力如重力等的具体数据必须靠数学模型精确计算，这需要艺术的灵感和工匠的技术。科学关于材料和结构的行为的知识已经明显地扩大，并且计算技术现在可广泛便捷地应用在操作复杂的理论，工程师们实际上在过去十年已经彻底改革桥设计和建设方法。这些发展应用于短、中、长跨桥。对于耐久的桥，最普通的材料就是用钢筋和混凝土。不同种类的桥都是用这些材料的。木材都是用于水上的暂时的建筑，木制短跨度桥不可设置在水平面下，现在美国已经在实验一些铝制的短跨度桥。一座桥的主要部分可以据说是“基础”和“上层建筑”。 因为在很多桥里没有清楚的在这两个之间划分，这个划分被仅仅为了方便起见在这里使用。基础的一般要素是桥台和墩台，它们经常分别建造基础，例如混凝土扩展基础，这些基础是基础的一部分。偶尔有些基础是桩基础，桩伸到水平线以上，顶部有桩帽，这样可以支持主要的上部结构。这种形式经常被用来做长的、低的、跨水的结构。附录B 英文文献BridgesBridges are great symbols of mankind’s conquest of space. The sight of the crimson tracery of the Golden Gate Bridge against a setting sun in the Pacific Ocean, or the atch of the Garabit Biaduct soaring triumphantly above the deep gorge. Fills one’s heart with wonder and admiration for the art of their builders[11]. They are the enduring expressions of mankind’s determination to remove all barriers in its pursuit of a better and freer world. Their design and building schemes are conceived in dream-like bisions. But vision and determination are not enough. All the physical forces of nature and gravity must be understood with mathematical precision and such forces have to be resisted by manipulating the right materials in the right pattern. This requires both the inspiration of an artist and the skill of an artisan.Scientific knowledge about materials and structural behavior has expanded tremendously, and computing techniques are now widely available to manipulate complex theories in innumerable ways very quickly. Engineers have virtually revolutionized bridge design and construction methods in the past decade. The advances apply to short-medium and long-span bridges.For permanent bridge，the most commonly used materials are steel and concrete. Bridge of many different type are built with these materials, used singly or in combination. Timber may be used for temporary above-water construction, for the elements of a structure that