呃汏桥-ECEC453ImageProcessingArchitecture.pptVIP

ECEC 453 Image Processing Architecture Midterm Review February 24, 2003 Announcements Midterm exam on Thursday, 26 February Last names A through H will take the exam in our regular room; Last names K through Z in Commonwealth 403 Covers lectures 5 through 9 (approximately) HW 3 through 7 Practice exam on web (approximate coverage) Exam Topics Quantizers, bit allocation, rate-distortion tradeoff Decorrelation ideas: prediction, DCT, wavelets DCT Technology: 1D, 2D, seperable, fast Motion estimation: MAE, full search, log search, etc. JPEG: DCT block, quantizer coefficient, DC coding, zig-zag scan, AC runlength coding JPEG: Data interleaving and MCU, bit stream stucture, JFIF and colors. MPEG1: Macroblocks and blocks, I-P-B pictures, bitstream layers, motion estimation and compensation MPEG1 contrasted with teleconferencing Quantizer: practical lossy encoding Quantizer Symbols x — input to quantizer, q — output of quantizer,S — quantizer step Quantizer: q = round(x/S) Dequantizer characteristic x* = Sq Typical noise power added by quantizer-dequantizer combination: D = S2/12 noise standard deviation s = sqrt(D) = 0.287S Example: S = 8, D = 82/12 = 5.3,  rms. quatization noise = sqrt(D) = 2.3 If input is 8 bits, max input is 255. There are 255/8 ~ 32 quantizer output values PSNR = 20 log10(255/2.3) = 40.8 dB Rate-distortion theory: non-uniform random variables Given (x1, x2, ... xn), use orthogonal transform to obtain (y1, y2, ... yn). Sequence of independent Gaussian variables (y1, y2, ... yn), Var[yi ] = Qi. Distortion allocation: allocate Di distortion to Qi Rate (bits) for i-th variable is Ri = max[0.5 log2(Qi/Di), 0] Total distortion Total rate (bits) We specify R. What are the values of Di to get minimum total distortion D? Bit allocation solution Implicit solution (water-filling construction) Choose Q (parameter) Di = min(Qi, Q) If (Qi Q) then Di = Q, else Di = Qi Ri = max[0.5 log2(Qi/Di), 0] If (Qi Q) then Ri = 0.5 log2(Qi/ Q), else Ri = 0. Fin