Physics123分析.pptVIP

Lecture XX Solids and semiconductors Physics 123 Bonding in solids Atoms in solids organize themselves in crystal structures Positions of atoms are determined by a balance of electrostatic attraction and repulsion Minimum of potential energy U0 is called ionic cohesive energy and is equivalent to binding energy in nucleus Metals Metal have 1-2 e on the outer shell, they are loosely bound to the rest of the atom and can be considered “free” to move within the boundaries of metal ? electron gas Electrons in potential well – boundaries on metal surface ? L is very large Distance between energy levels inversely proportional to L2 Energy levels become energy bands Metals Electrons are fermions, according to Pauli principle not more than one electron can exit for each quantum state How much space does a free electron need to itself? dxdph In 3-D Phase space (3 spatial coordinates +3 momentum coordinates) dxdydzdpxdpydpz =dVdPh3 electrons = balls in phase space each occupying h3 of space Actually two electrons can coexist in h3 – spin up and spin down Density of states Let’s calculate the number of states in unit volume between energy E to E+dE: g(E)dE In momentum space think of a spherical layer of radius p and thickness dp Total phase space volume of this layer V4pp2dp Number of electrons that can live in this volume (number of available apartments) 2(spin)x(total volume)/(volume occupied by one electron) Number of states per unit volume Fermi energy Consider T=0K All electrons must fall into the lowest possible quantum state, but respect each other’s privacy – Pauli principle Suppose you have n electron per unit volume, what is the highest energy that they can have at T=0K - Fermi energy? Fermi-Dirac probability function At T=0 all states below EF are occupied, above EF are free When T increases some electrons get enough energy to get above EF Fermi function – smoothened step Density of occupied states g(E) – density of available states f(E)- p