PrenticeHallEARTHSCIENCE分析.pptVIP

Origin of Magma Geologists conclude that magma originates when essentially solid rock, located in the crust and upper mantle, partially melts. 10.2 Intrusive Igneous Activity The most obvious way to generate magma from solid rock is to raise the temperature above the level at which the rock begins to melt. Origin of Magma Role of Heat 10.2 Intrusive Igneous Activity ? Additional heat is generated by ? The geothermal gradient—Earth’s natural temperature increases with depth but is not sufficient to melt rock in the lower crust and upper mantle - friction in subduction zones - crustal rocks heated during subduction - rising, hot mantle rocks Origin of Magma Role of Water 10.2 Intrusive Igneous Activity ? Causes rock to melt at a lower temperature ? Plays an important role in subducting  ocean plates Convergent Plate Boundaries The basic connection between plate tectonics and volcanism is that plate motions provide the mechanisms by which mantle rocks melt to generate magma. 10.3 Plate Tectonics and Igneous Activity ? Rising magma can form continental volcanic arcs (Andes Mountains). Ocean-Ocean Ocean-Continent ? Rising magma can form volcanic island arcs in an ocean (Aleutian Islands). Divergent Plate Boundaries The greatest volume of volcanic rock is produced along the oceanic ridge system. 10.3 Plate Tectonics and Igneous Activity ? Less pressure on underlying rocks ? Lithosphere pulls apart. ? Large quantities of fluid basaltic magma are produced. ? Partial melting occurs Intraplate Igneous Activity Intraplate volcanism is igneous activity that occurs within a tectonic plate away from plate boundaries. 10.3 Plate Tectonics and Igneous Activity ? The activity forms localized volcanic regions called hot spots. ? Most intraplate volcanism occurs where a mass of hotter than normal mantle material called a mantle plume rises toward the surface. ? Examples include the Hawaiian Islands and the Columbia Plateau. * * * * * * * * * * *