操作系统设计及实现(第二章).ppt

操作系统 设计与实现 Chapter 2 Processes *The importance of process in an operating system 2.1 Introduction to processes *common Parallelism==Pseudoparallelism *It is the cpu rapid switching back and forth *multiprocessor is the real parallelism *people design a model , sequential processes 顺序进程 2.1.1 The process model Characters: * All the runnable software are organized into a number of sequential processes; (in this chapter we called it processes) * The process is an executing program; The process include the values of the all the program counter, registers，and variables;(进程包括程序计数器、寄存器和变量的当前值。） To these characters , it is easy to analysis the collection of the processes than keep track the rapid switch of CPU Process---Program Process is an executing program, it has program, input, output, and state. An example: scientist prepare the cake for his daughter. Recipe: /resipi/ 食谱 **** A Process is an activity of some kind, It has a program ,input, output, and a state, A single processor may be shared among several processes, with some scheduling algorithm being used to determine when to stop work on one process and service a different one. 理解进程和程序的区别： CPU：计算机科学家 程序1：烘制生日蛋糕的食谱 数据：面粉、鸡蛋、糖和香草汁等 对应的进程1：阅读食谱、取来各种原料以及烘制蛋糕的一系列动作的总和。 事件：女儿被蜜蜂螫伤 保存进程1的当前状态：计算机科学家就记录下自己照着食谱做到哪儿了。 程序2：急救手册 数据：药物等 对应的进程2：实施医疗救治（高优先级进程） 当蜜蜂螫伤处理完之后，计算机科学家又回来做蛋糕，从他离开时的那一步继续做下去。 进程的创建 系统初始化 (1) 前台进程：同用户交互并替它们完成工作的哪些进程。 (2) 后台进程：守护进程，处理网页、打印之类活动的进程。 2.正在运行的一个进程执行了创建进程的系统调用。 3.用户请求创建一个新进程。 在交互式系统中，用户可以通过键入命令启动程序。 4. 批处理作业的初始化 在操作系统认为有资源运行另一个作业时，它创建一个新的进程，并运行其输入队列中的一个作业。 进程的终止 正常退出：多数进程由于完成了它们的工作而终止。 出错退出（自愿）:进程发现了严重错误。 严重错误（非自愿）：通常是由于程序中的错误所致。例如，执行了一条非法指令，引用了不存在的内存，或除数是零。 被其它进程杀死：当一个进程终止时，由该进程所创建的所有进程也都立即被杀死。 Process hierarchies Any OS, to support process, it must provide some way to create all the processes needed. Use fork( ) to create a new process, the father process can create his child processes,0~~~more, and later ,the pr