atomic theory 原子论.pptVIP

Classifying Matter Matter is usually defined as anything that has mass and occupies space. Solids, Liquids, and Gases Gases have no defined shape or defined volume Low density Liquids flow and can be poured from one container to another Indefinite shape and takes on the shape of the container. Solids have a definite volume Have a definite shape. Mixtures and Pure Substances A mixture has unlike parts and a composition that varies from sample to sample A heterogeneous mixture has physically distinct parts with different properties. A homogeneous mixture is the same throughout the sample Pure substances are substances with a fixed composition A classification scheme for matter. A physical change is a change that does not alter the identity of the matter. A chemical change is a change that does alter the identity of the matter. A compound is a pure substance that can be decomposed by a chemical change into simpler substances with a fixed mass ratio An element is a pure substance which cannot be broken down into anything simpler by either physical or chemical means. Sugar (A) is a compound that can be easily decomposed to simpler substances by heating. (B) One of the simpler substances is the black element carbon, which cannot be further decomposed by chemical or physical means. Elements Reconsidering the Fire Element The phlogiston theory viewed phlogiston as a component of all matter. The burning of a material was considered to be the escaping of phlogiston from the matter. If a material did not burn, it was considered to contain no phlogiston. The phlogiston theory. (A) In this theory, burning was considered to be the escape of phlogiston into the air. (B) Smelting combined phlogiston-poor ore with phlogiston from a fire to make a metal. (C) Metal rusting was considered to be the slow escape of phlogiston from a metal into the air. Discovery of Modern Elements Antoine Lavoisier suggested that burning was actually a chemical combination with oxygen. Lavoisier re