内蒙古东部地区狼、赤狐和乌苏里貉三种犬科动物食性比较-生态学报.docVIP

三种犬科动物的食物组成以及食物生态位重叠 刘新平① 张洪海①* 窦华山② 张承德① 曲阜师范大学生命科学学院 曲阜 273165；② 达赉湖国家级自然保护区管理局 海拉尔 021000） 摘要：2007年8月至2007年10月，2008年3月至2008年7月在内蒙古达赉湖国家自然保护区收集了狼、赤狐和乌苏里貉的粪样，并进行了食性分析。以家畜为主的有蹄类（出现率为50.65%）构成了狼食性的主体，啮齿类（出现率为76.31%）是赤狐主要的食物种类，乌苏里貉经常取食啮齿类动物（出现率为22.69%），但除此之外鸟类（出现率为39.81%）、昆虫（出现率为26.39%）等也是乌苏里貉重要的食物资源。根据生态位宽度指数，狼的食物生态位宽度最大，赤狐的最窄。狼与赤狐食物生态重叠程度比它们分别同乌苏里貉的重叠程度高。这3种犬科动物分享一些资源，表明它们之间有一定的竞争，但它们的食性又有所分化，以帮助它们避免竞争。狼比其他两种动物更善于捕食大中型有蹄类动物，赤狐主要捕食啮齿类等小型猎物，乌苏里貉则以取食鸟类、昆虫等来维持生存。此外，乌苏里貉在食物匮乏的冬季一般选择冬眠，这也许能解释为什么它能与狼和赤狐共存于生产力相对较低的北方草原上。 关键词：狼；赤狐；乌苏里貉；食性；食物生态位 文章编号：中图分类号：Q958文献标识码：A Food composition and food niche overlap of three species of carnivores LIU Xin-Ping① ZHANG Hong-Hai①* DOU Hua-Shan② ZHANG Cheng-De① (①Collage of Life Science,Qufu Normal University,Qufu 273165;②Dalai Lake Nature Reserve,Hailar 021000,China) Abstract: The diets of the wolf, red fox and raccoon dog were studied on the prairie of eastern Inner Mongolia from August to October of 2007 and from March to July of 2008 feces were collected from dens and latrines.The frequency of occurrence and the dry weight of the remains of each food item in the feces were calculated. Livestock (50.65% frequency of occurrence) constituted the bulk of the wolf diet, while small rodents (76.31% frequency of occurrence) were most frequently eaten by the fox. Small rodents (22.69% frequency of occurrence) were important to the raccoon dog but it also frequently consumed birds (39.81% frequency of occurrence) and insects (26.39% frequency of occurrence). The wolf was the most omnivorous and the red fox was the least omnivorous of these carnivores according to the diversity index. The food niches of the wolf and the red fox overlapped more than that of the raccoon dog and other species. These 3 carnivores share many resources suggesting that competition may occur among them; however their diets also differ to some extent which help them to avoid competition. Furthermore, the raccoon dog is dormant during winter, when food is scarce, which