语用学第三章.pptVIP

Indirect Speech Act Revision: Speech Act Classification Indirect Speech Act Use of Indirectness Speech Acts 1. locutionary act 言内行为 2. illocutionary act 言外行为 3. Perlocutionary act 言后行为 1. Locutionary act the basic act of utterance, or producing a meaningful linguistic expression Eg. I’ve just made some coffee. 2.Illocutionary act an act performed via the communicative force of an utterance, such as to make a statement, an offer, an explanation, or for some other communicative purpose (known as illocutionary force) 3. Perlocutionary act sth. uttered on the assumption that the hearer will recognize the effect the speaker intended (for example, to account for a wonderful smell, or to get the hearer to drink some coffee) According to Searle Direct and indirect speech acts Direct Speech act: when there is a direct relationship between a structure and a function, we have a direct speech act. (Yule 1996:55) I beg you not to stay here for a long time. Direct speech act In this example, both the structure (literal meaning) and the function of the sentence are expressing a request. So, it is a direct speech act. And the verb “beg” is called a performative verb. Characteristics of DSA Subject : the first person and singular number Tense :the simple present To add “hereby” before the verbs: in example 1 we can say like : I hereby beg you not to stay here for a long time. Indirect speech act A. When there is an indirect relationship between a structure and a function, we have an indirect speech act. (Yule 1996:55) Indirect speech act B. In such cases a sentence that contains the illocutionary force indicators for one kind of illocutionary act can be uttered to perform, in addition, another type of illocutionary act. (Searle 1975b:168) 一种以言行事通过另一种以言行事的表达方式间接表达。 An example Could you pass me the salt? The surface form of this utterance is an interrogative one, but is not typically used to ask a question. In fact, the speaker does not want to ask whether the