大学生物专业英语lessonone.pptVIP

English for Biology Students Lesson one Inside the living cell: Structure and function of internal cell parts 1. Cytoplasm 2. The Nucleus 3. Organelles 4. The Cytoskeleton 5. Cellular Movements 1.Cytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile factory细胞质：动力工厂 2. The nucleus: information central细胞核：信息中心 The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material (DNA) on chromosomes. (In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.) 真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器，在其染色体上携带有遗传物质（原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中）。 The nucleus also contains one or two organelles—the nucleoli—that play a role in cell division. 细胞核也含有一或二个核仁，它在细胞分裂中发挥作用（核仁促进细胞分裂）。 A pore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm. 穿孔的囊状核被膜将细胞核及其内容物与细胞质分开. 核膜贯穿许多小孔 Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope, but larger molecules such as mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores. 小分子可以自由通过核膜，而象mRNA和核糖体等大分子必须通过核孔运输。 3. Organelles: Specialized Work Units细胞器：特殊的功能单元 All eukaryotic cells contain most of the various kinds of organelles, and each organelle performs a specialized function in the cell. 所有的真核细胞都含有多种细胞器，每个细胞器在细胞里都有其特定功能。 The number of ribosomes within a cell may range from a few hundred to many thousands. 细胞里的核糖体的数量变化从几百到几千. This quantity reflects the fact that ribosomes are the sites at which amino acids are assembled into proteins for export or for use in cell processes. 这个数量反应了这个事实:核糖体是氨基酸组装成蛋白质（细胞活动所需要的） 的重要场所。 A complete ribosome is composed of one larger and one smaller subunit. 完整的核糖体由大亚基和小亚基组成。 During protein synthesis the two subunits move along a strand of mRNA, “reading” the genetic sequence coded in it and translating that sequence into protein. 在蛋白质合成的过程中,核糖体的两个亚基沿着mRNA移动,并阅读遗传密码（编码于其中的遗传信息），翻译成蛋白质。 Several ribosomes may become attached to a single mRNA strand; such a combination is called a polysome. 多个核糖体可能附着于一条mRNA链上，这个结合体称为多聚核糖体。 Most cellular proteins are manufactured on ribosomes in the