非线性动力学讲义02(绪论2)-1-岳宝增.ppt

理论得出的结果不仅误差过大，而且无法对一些实际现象作出解释。早在1940年，现代力学的开创者Th. von Karman就发表了综述文章《工程师们和非线性问题打交道》，在总结当时力学各分支学科非线性问题研究成果的基础上，强调非线性问题在工程中的重要性。随着现代科学技术的发展，工程结构日益大型化、高速化和复杂化，使得非线性效应必须加以考虑。电子计算机的迅速发展和广泛应用以及动态测试和在线数据处理技术的进步也使工程中的非线性问题的研究成为可能。 非线性动力学在工程问题的研究中也起着愈来愈重要的作用。非线性动力学在工程中的重要性体现在以下几个方面。非线性动力学表明简单的数学模型可能产生复杂的动力学行为，因而可应用于时间序列的非线性建模和预测以及控制。非线性动力学揭示了不规则的噪声信号可能产生于低阶的确定性非线性系统，从而为噪声的抑制提供了新的思路。非线性动力学对于系统全局和长期性态的分析结果，可用于数值仿真结果可靠性的研究。非线性动力学还为实验研究提供了新的概念和方法，在传统的频谱分析之外可以测量确定识别混沌运动的一些特征数值。 工程中的非线性动力学问题千差万别，然而解决的途径往往具有共同性。其共同的前提是建立系统的数学模型。建立系统数学模型的方法可分为两类。一类是理论建模，从已知的原理、定律和定理出发，通过机理分析发现工程问题的内在动力学规律，推导出相关参数的解析关系。另一类是实验建模，直接从工程系统运行和试验数据辨识出所涉及参数的关系。在工程系统的数学模型的基础上，可以对系统进行分析、仿真、优化和控制。非线性动力学作为一门力学的分支学科，重点讨论系统模型的分析，但对系统的实验建模也略有涉及。 What is nonlinear dynamics? Isnt it a ridiculous term like non-elephant zoology? To understand this phrase, imagine the time when programmable computers didnt exist. In those days it was impossible to solve a differential equation like the equation of motion of a pendulum driven by a periodic force. That is, the solution couldnt be expressed in terms of well-known functions like in the case of the linearized equation of motion. Nonlinear equations of motion can be solved only in rare cases. For that reason, physicists tried to build their theories on linear differential equations because they are easier to solve. And indeed, the most successful theories (like electrodynamics and quantum mechanics) are based on linear differential equations. Other even older theories dealing with physical phenomenon closer to everyday experience, like fluid dynamics, were less successful because their dynamics is nonlinear. Yet, the advent of computers in the last decades made it possible to tackle unsolvable nonlinear problems. This possibility led to a completely different view onto dynamical systems and in association with it to a new language about dynamical systems. The basic terms of this language are more geometrically oriented. Instead of quantitative solutions (which can be