初中阶段语法.doc

初中语法（部分高中知识点） (词类 parts of speech (名词 noun 一、名词分类：普通名词和专有名词，可数名词和不可数名词，注意可数名词有单复数之分：（①一般加s;②以s,x,ch,sh等结尾的单词加es;③以y结尾的单词变y为i再加es;④以ife结尾的单词改f为v再加s,如wife→wives, knife→knives;⑤以f结尾的单词，则去f,再加ves,如self→selves, leaf→leaves;⑤单复数同形，如sheep, fish, works, means, Chinese, Japanese;⑥单词内有oo的把oo改为ee, 如foot→feet, tooth→teeth等；⑦特殊变化，如man→men, medium→media, child→children等；⑧只有复数形式的名词 trousers裤子，pants裤子，shorts短裤 glasses眼镜，compasses圆规，scales天平，pliers钳子，clips剪子’s, the cat’s, the cats’, the children’s, the parents’, Lily and Lucy’s vs. Lily’s and Lucy’s (冠词article（请参阅八年级上语法） 定冠词the，不定冠词a或an,零冠词 (代词pronoun 一、人称代词 主格：I, you, she, he, it, we, you, they, 宾格：me, you, her, him, it, us, you, them 二、物主代词 形容词性：my, your, her, his, its, our, your, their 名词性: mine, yours, hers, his, its, ours, yours, theirs 三、指示代词 this→these, that→those 四、不定代词（请参阅八年级上语法） 五、反身代词（请参阅八年级下语法） (形容词adjective 一、作表语或定语 表语：位于系动词之后，如：He is clever. He gets angry. 定语：位于名词前或后，如：a clever boy, all room available 二、比较级、最高级 特殊变化 good/well—better—best； many/much—more—most; little—less—least; bad/badly—worse—worst 重读闭音节双写辅音字母：big—bigger 以y结尾：happy—happier 多音节：important—more important 形容词比较级前面可以用much, a lot, a little, still, far, hardly, no, even, 倍数词等修饰。 三、名词前修饰词的顺序 限定词(冠词、物主代词、指示代词、不定代词)＋数量形容词(序数词、基数词)＋描绘性形容词(beautiful)＋大小、长短、高低等形体性形容词(large, long, high)＋新旧(old)＋颜色(red)＋国籍(Chinese)＋材料(wood) ＋用途(writing)＋被修饰名词。 his three other new history book a beautiful cream-coloured Italian sports car my three handsome English friends a beautiful old brown French handmade desk 四、倍数表达法： He is no more diligent than his sisters. He is not more diligent than his sisters. 他不比他姐姐勤奋。 We can no more leave the Party than fish can leave water. 我们不能离开党就好比鱼儿离不开水一样。 This room is three times as large as that one. 这间屋子是那间的3倍大。 This red box is double times larger than the blue one. 这红盒子比那个蓝的大两倍。 The age of my grandpa is four times the age/that of mine. 爷爷的年纪是我年纪的4倍。 (数词numeral 一、基数词 one, two, three… 二、序数词 first (1st), second (2nd), thir