第八讲ncrna20021125.ppt

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Prokaryotic gene mRNA protein Eukaryotic gene mRNA and/or eRNA protein networking SINGLE OUTPUT SIMPLE OPERATING SYSTEM MULTIPLEX OUTPUT PARALLEL PROCESSING pre-mRNA Eukaryotic gene structure Transcription Splicing mRNA (alt) + eRNAs protein (alt) ? Possibility 1: intronic RNA is non-functional Possibility 2: intronic RNA is functional Translation Mosaic gene (protein coding sequence) Nucleus Cytoplasm Fractions of a human genome occupied by diVerent sequence types. The pseudogenes fraction is about 0.5% and an extrapolation from chromosome 21 data. Typical eukaryotic protein-coding gene Structure of human protein genes Complete human genome sequence (IHGSC, 2001) Average size Gene 27 kb (10% 35 kb) CDS 1100 nt Exon (internal) 145 nt Intron 3400 nt 5UTR 300 nt 3UTR 700 nt Intron/exon Number of introns: 6 ±3 introns / kb CDS Introns / (introns + CDS): 80% 5 introns in 15% of genes (more ?), 3?’introns very rare One gene, several products Alternative splicing in more than 30% of human genes (Hanke et al. 1999) Alternative promoter Alternative polyadenylation sites Overlapping genes Overlapping protein genes Small nucleolar RNA genes within introns of protein genes Structure of human protein genes GenBank: bias towards short genes 2408 complete human genes (exons + introns) Vertebrate genome organization: variations of base composition along chromosomes Sequence of human MHC Isochore organization of vertebrate genomes Insertion of repeated sequences (A. Smit 1996) Recombination frequency (Eyre-Walker 1993) Chromosome banding (Saccone, 1993) Replication timing (Bernardi, 1998) Gene density (Mouchiroud, 1991) Gene expression ?? - No Gene structure (Duret, 1995) Isochores and insertion of repeat sequences (Smit 1999) 4419 human genomic sequences 50 kb Isochores and gene density MHC locus (3.6 Mb) (The MHC sequencing consorti