3掌握有效推理的.ppt

Critical Thinking And Argumentation PART3: The types and structure of reasoning True Statements False Sound Valid Deductive Unsound Arguments Invalid (All are unsound) Cogent Strong Inductive Uncogent Arguments Weak (All are uncogent) Does this really make sense? Does that follow from what you said? How does that follow? But before you implied this and now you are saying that; how can both be true? Statement (claim): An assertion that something is or is not the case. Premise: A statement given in support of another statement. Conclusion: A statement that premises are used to support. Argument: A group of statements in which some of them (the premises) are intended to support another of them (the conclusion). Most serious students are happy students, and most serious students go to graduate school. Furthermore, all students who go to graduate school are overworked. Which one of the following can be properly inferred from the statements above? (a) Most overworked students are happy students. (b) Some happy students are serious students. (c) All overworked students are serious students. (d) Some unhappy students go to graduate school. (e) All serious students are overworked. “The rapid diminishment of the ecosystem of the Amazon threatens the entire planet. Consequently, we must take immediate steps to convince the Brazilian government that planned development projects need to be curtailed for the simple reason that these development projects will greatly accelerate the loss of currently protected land.” categorical syllogism 直言三段论 hy